Intervención farmacéutica en pacientes quirúrgicos con alteraciones electrolíticas / Drug treatment in surgical patients with electrolyte imbalances

Objetivo Determinar cuali y cuantitativamente las alteraciones electrolíticas (relacionadas con potasio, fósforo, magnesio y calcio) en pacientes ingresados en áreas de cirugía general y gastrointestinal, el porcentaje de dichas alteraciones detectado por el equipo médico y el grado de aceptación de las recomendaciones realizadas desde el Servicio de Farmacia Hospitalaria. Método Estudio prospectivo de 7 meses. Toda alteración detectada se registró en una hoja de recogida de datos (datos personales, sala de hospitalización, tipo de alteración, detección por equipo médico, tipo de intervención farmacéutica, modo de notificación, aceptación de la intervención, fecha de corrección de la alteración, paciente en tratamiento con nutrición parenteral).Resultados Se detectaron 100 alteraciones en 66 pacientes (231 analíticas revisadas). Se realizaron un total de 78 intervenciones. La mayoría de alteraciones se debieron a hipokalemias e hipomagnesemias, siendo la hipofosfatemia la alteración más frecuente en pacientes portadores de nutrición parenteral. El grado de aceptación de la intervención farmacéutica por parte del equipo médico fue superior cuando la información fue oral (100 vs 35% escrita). Se consiguió el doble de analíticas de comprobación tras las intervenciones (RR 2,1; IC 95% 1,11-3,94, p=0,006). La aceptación de la intervención comportó una mayor proporción de resoluciones de la alteración respecto a los casos en los que no se aceptó (RR 1,5; IC 95% 1,01-2,24, p=0,04).Conclusiones Este estudio pone de manifiesto que las alteraciones electrolíticas en pacientes quirúrgicos son frecuentes y su grado de detección y seguimiento por parte del equipo médico es bajo. Por ello, el farmacéutico podría contribuir en la mejora de dichos aspectos participando en la atención a estos pacientes (AU)

Objective To qualitatively and quantitatively determine electrolyte imbalances (potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium) in patients admitted for general and gastrointestinal surgery, the degree of these imbalances in percentage detected by medical staff, and the acceptance of the recommendations made by the Hospital Pharmacy Department. Method Seven-month prospective study. Any alteration detected was recorded on a data collection form (personal data, hospital ward, type of alteration, detection by medical staff, type of pharmaceutical intervention, form of notification, acceptance of the intervention, date of imbalance correction, patient receiving parenteral nutrition).Results100 imbalances were detected in 66 patients (231 analytical tests revised). A total of 78 interventions were carried out. Most changes were due to hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia, hypophosphataemia being the most frequent abnormality in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. The acceptance of pharmaceutical intervention was higher if the information was oral (100% vs. 35% written). Twice the number of analytical tests were performed after interventions (RR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.11 to 3.94, P=.006). When pharmaceutical intervention was accepted there was a greater number of imbalance resolutions in comparison with those cases which did not accept (RR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.24, P=.04).Conclusions This study shows that electrolyte imbalances are common in surgical patients and the level of detection and monitoring by medical staff is low. Therefore, the pharmacist could help in improving this aspect (AU)

[Drug treatment in surgical patients with electrolyte imbalances]. / Intervención farmacéutica en pacientes quirúrgicos con alteraciones electrolíticas.

OBJECTIVE: To qualitatively and quantitatively determine electrolyte imbalances (potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium) in patients admitted for general and gastrointestinal surgery, the degree of these imbalances in percentage detected by medical staff, and the acceptance of the recommendations made by the Hospital Pharmacy Department. METHOD: Seven-month prospective study. Any alteration detected was recorded on a data collection form (personal data, hospital ward, type of alteration, detection by medical staff, type of pharmaceutical intervention, form of notification, acceptance of the intervention, date of imbalance correction, patient receiving parenteral nutrition). RESULTS: 100 imbalances were detected in 66 patients (231 analytical tests revised). A total of 78 interventions were carried out. Most changes were due to hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia, hypophosphataemia being the most frequent abnormality in patients receiving parenteral nutrition.The acceptance of pharmaceutical intervention was higher if the information was oral (100% vs. 35% written). Twice the number of analytical tests were performed after interventions (RR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.11 to 3.94, P=.006). When pharmaceutical intervention was accepted there was a greater number of imbalance resolutions in comparison with those cases which did not accept (RR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.24, P=.04). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that electrolyte imbalances are common in surgical patients and the level of detection and monitoring by medical staff is low. Therefore, the pharmacist could help in improving this aspect.

Impacto de distintos métodos de estimación de la función renal en la dosificación de meropenem, piperacilina/tazobactam y cefepima en pacientes críticos / No disponible

Objetivo: Evaluar las desviaciones de dosificación de 3 antibióticos betalactámicos eliminados por vía renal (meropenem, piperacili na/tazobactam y cefepima) mediante la comparación de 2 fórmulas de predicción de función renal, Cockroft-Gault (CG) y Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), con el aclaramiento de creatinina en orina de 24h (ClCr24h) como método de referencia. Método: Las 125 muestras de 61 pacientes (cada una con sus valores de CG, MDRD y ClCr24h) de una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) se clasificaron en los 5 estadios definidos por la National Kidney Foundation (NKF) en función del ClCr24h. Se estudiaron las discrepancias de dosificación de cada antibiótico según CG o MDRD en referencia al ClCr24h por acuerdo porcentual e índice kappa ponderado. En cada estadio de NKF se cuantificaron las diferencias de dosificación diaria (¿ = DosisCG-DosisClCr24h; ¿ = Dosis MDRD DosisClCr24h) y el porcentaje de muestras con discrepancias de dosificación por CG y MDRD en referencia al ClCr24h. Resultados: En ningún caso se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambas fórmulas con respecto al ClCr24h, obteniendo grados de concordancia buenos. Los porcentajes de desviaciones oscilaron del 15,2% al 28% y ocurrieron mayoritariamente por infradosificación en los estadios 1 y 2, y por sobredosificación en los estadios 4 y 5. Conclusiones: Las dos predicciones de función renal en pacientes de la UCI pueden ser empleadas indistintamente para la dosificación de betalactámicos, aunque la de CG es la más sencilla (AU)

The impact of different renal function measuring methods on the dosages of meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and cefepime in critically ill patients Objective: Assesment of dosage deviations of three â-lactam antibiotics eliminated through the kidneys (meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and cefepime) by comparison of two prediction formulae, Cockroft-Gault (CG) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD)with 24 h urinary creatinine clearance (CrCl24h), as a reference method. Method: 125 samples of 61 critically ill patients (each one with CG,MDRD y CrCl24hvalues) were classified in one of the five stages of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) according to CrCl24h. Dosage discrepancies for each antibiotic based on CG y MDRD were studied in reference to CrCl24hby percentage agreement and weighted kappa. At each of the NKF stages, daily dosage differences (∆=DosisCG-DosisCrCl24h;∆=DosisMDRD-DosisCrCl24h) and percentage of samples with dosage discrepancies by CG and MDRD in reference to CrCl24h were calculated. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the two prediction formulae in respect to CrCl24h, achieving good degrees of concordance. Deviation percentages fluctuated between15.2% and 28% and occurred mainly by under dosing on stages 1and 2 and by overdosing on stages 4 and 5.Conclusions: The two renal function prediction formulae can be indistinctly used to optimize the â-lactam antibiotics dose regimen, CGbeing the easiest one (AU)

[The impact of different renal function measuring methods on the dosages of meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and cefepime in critically ill patients]. / Impacto de distintos métodos de estimación de la función renal en la dosificación de meropenem, piperacilina/tazobactam y cefepima en pacientes críticos.

OBJECTIVE: Assesment of dosage deviations of three ss-lactam antibiotics eliminated through the kidneys (meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and cefepime) by comparison of two prediction formulae, Cockroft-Gault (CG) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) with 24 h urinary creatinine clearance (CrCl(24h)), as a reference method. METHOD: 125 samples of 61 critically ill patients (each one with CG, MDRD y CrCl(24h) values) were classified in one of the five stages of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) according to CrCl(24h). Dosage discrepancies for each antibiotic based on CG y MDRD were studied in reference to CrCl(24h) by percentage agreement and weighted kappa. At each of the NKF stages, daily dosage differences (Delta=DosisCG-DosisCrCl(24h); Delta=DosisMDRD-DosisCrCl(24h)) and percentage of samples with dosage discrepancies by CG and MDRD in reference to CrCl(24h) were calculated. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two prediction formulae in respect to CrCl(24h), achieving good degrees of concordance. Deviation percentages fluctuated between 15.2% and 28% and occurred mainly by underdosing on stages 1 and 2 and by overdosing on stages 4 and 5. CONCLUSIONS: The two renal function prediction formulae can be indistinctly used to optimize the ss-lactam antibiotics dose regimen, CG being the easiest one.